Rastreamento da retinopatia diabética pelo médico generalista na Atenção Primária de Saúde do Brasil / Screening of diabetic retinopathy by the physician of Primary Health Care in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia de médicos generalistas em reconhecer a retinopatia diabética por meio da retinografia colorida, com um curso de capacitação com duração de 2 horas, comparando a capacidade de rastrear e classificar a retinopatia diabética em relação ao exame presencial com oftalmologista. Métodos: No primeiro braço do estudo, de 142 pacientes diabéticos incluídos, avaliaram-se 274 olhos, em que esses pacientes foram examinados com oftalmoscópio binocular indireto e classificados quanto ao grau da retinopatia diabética. No segundo braço do estudo, 14 médicos não especialistas em oftalmologia receberam um treinamento de 2 horas para o diagnóstico de retinopatia diabética com a retinografia colorida e se aferiu a acurácia desses profissionais em rastrear a retinopatia diabética antes e depois do curso de capacitação, utilizando as retinografias obtidas na primeira frente do estudo. Resultados: Verificou-se aumento significativo da sensibilidade (82% para 99%) e da especificidade (44% para 83%) na detecção da retinopatia diabética pelos médicos generalistas, com o curso de capacitação. Conclusão: O médico generalista capacitado pode avaliar a retinopatia diabética por meio da retinografia colorida, sendo o programa de rastreamento dessa complicação do diabetes uma proposta viável e benéfica ao país.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the accuracy of general practitioners in recognizing diabetic retinopathy through color retinal retinography, with a two-hour training course, by comparing the capacity of screening and classifying diabetic retinopathy. Methods: In the first arm of the study, of 142 diabetic patients included, 274 eyes were evaluated, and these patients were examined with an indirect binocular ophthalmoscope and classified according to the degree of diabetic retinopathy. In the second arm of the study, 14 physicians who are not specialists in ophthalmology received two-hour training to diagnose diabetic retinopathy with color retinography, and the accuracy of these professionals in screening for diabetic retinopathy before and after the training course was measured using the photographic images obtained on the first front of the study. Results: There was a significant increase in sensitivity (82% to 99%) and specificity (44% to 83%) in detecting diabetic retinopathy by general practitioners, after attending the training. Conclusion: Qualified general practitioners can assess diabetic retinopathy through color retinography, and the screening program for this diabetes complication is a viable and beneficial proposal for the country.

Development of General Practice in Communities From the Perspective of Supply and Demand / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To put forward suggestions for improving the scheme of general practice for functional communities from the perspective of supply and demand,guide the efficient use of the resources of general practice by the communities,and incorporate the general practice of communities into hierarchical diagnosis and treatment management. Methods In July 2021,stratified random sampling was employed to conduct the questionnaire surveys of the young and middle-aged (demand side) and the general practitioners (supply side),respectively.SPSS 20.0 was used for data analysis. Results The two sides had the same cognition about the main reasons for not signing a contract with a family doctor,which were the lack of knowledge about general practitioners and the lack of face-to-face communication opportunities.They had the same response about the form of services,with high acceptance of medical services via WeChat,outpatient consultation,and the internet.There were differences in service content between the two sides.The top three demands of the young and middle-aged were appointment registration and referral in superior hospitals,medication guidance,and massage,acupuncture,and moxibustion.The top service self-rated by general practitioners was personalized guidance and report interpretation of physical examination,and the bottom was massage,acupuncture,and moxibustion. Conclusions The general practice varies between the demand and supply sides.General practitioners should be encouraged to enter and learn functional communities and provide personalized services,thus improving the general medical service in functional communities.

Estrategia intersectorial para el perfeccionamiento del programa de médico y enfermera de la familia

Introducción: La Medicina Familiar cubana se enfrenta hoy a nuevos retos para su perfeccionamiento, esto implica realizar un fortalecimiento del primer nivel de atención para garantizar mejoría en la calidad de los servicios para lo cual la intersectorialidad se ha consolidado como pilar fundamental. Objetivo: Diseñar y evaluar una estrategia de intervención intersectorial para perfeccionar el programa del médico y la enfermera de la familia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de intervención a través de una estrategia intersectorial para perfeccionar el programa del médico y enfermera de la familia, en el período de diciembre de 2019 a diciembre de 2022 en la provincia Las Tunas. El universo estuvo conformado por 867 trabajadores del cual se seleccionó una muestra de 330. Se realizó en cuatro etapas: diagnóstica, de intervención, validación y de evaluación. Se empleó como medida de resumen para variables cualitativas el porcentaje, para la validación estadística de los cambios antes y después la prueba de Mc Nemar y para la validación teórica de la estrategia intersectorial se utilizó la matriz de Chanlat. Resultados: La aplicación de la estrategia mejoró el nivel de conocimientos en los equipos básicos de salud y en los actores sociales, se revitalizaron el 93,5 % de las acciones comunitarias e intersectoriales, se modificó el cuadro de salud en el 89,4 % y se elevó en un 94,1 % el nivel de satisfacción de la comunidad con los servicios prestados por el consultorio médico de la familia. Se demostró que es pertinente la aplicación de la estrategia en la práctica social mediante los resultados de la efectividad esperada. Conclusiones: La estrategia permitió perfeccionar el programa del médico y enfermera de la familia a través de la puesta en práctica de un programa intersectorial de forma integral, consciente, participativo y sistemático.

Introduction: Cuban Family Medicine faces today new challenges for its improvement; this implies strengthening the first level of care to guarantee improvement in the quality of services for which intersectorality has been consolidated as a fundamental pillar. Objective: To design and to evaluate an intersectoral intervention strategy to improve the program of the family doctor and nurse. Methods: A quasi-experimental intervention study was carried out through an intersectoral strategy to improve the family doctor and nurse program, from December 2019 to December 2022 in Las Tunas. The universe consisted of 867 workers from which a sample of 330 was selected. It was carried out in four stages: diagnostic, intervention, validation and evaluation. The percentage was used as a summary measure for qualitative variables, for the statistical validation of the changes before and after the Mc Nemar test and for the theoretical validation of the intersectoral strategy the Chanlat matrix was used. Results: With the application of the strategy, the level of knowledge in the basic health teams and in the social actors was improved, 93.5 % of the community and intersectoral actions were revitalized, modified the health picture in 89.4 % and the level of satisfaction of the community with the services provided by the CMF increased by 94.1 %. It was demonstrated that the application of the strategy in social practice through the results of the expected effectiveness of the strategy. Conclusions: The strategy made it possible to improve the family doctor and nurse program through the implementation of an intersectoral program in a comprehensive, conscious, participatory and systematic way.

Survey on the training needs of general practitioners in the context of public health emergency / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To survey on the training needs of general practitioners (GPs) in the context of public health emergency.Methods:A questionnaire was developed through literature review and interviews with health department leaders, administrators and GPs in grassroots health institutions as well as experts in the field. The contents of questionnaire included the basic information, perception of epidemic impact, knowledge and skills to learn, and the preferred training contents related to public health emergency. The questionnaire survey was conducted among 430 GPs from 44 grass-roots institutions of 6 cities/districts in Suzhou selected by multi-stage convenient sampling method from April to May 2022. Kano model was used to analyze the needs and preferences of general practitioners for training contents related to the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic.Results:A total of 391 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective response rate of 90.93%. More than half of respondents hoped to learn about the general diagnosis and treatment, first aid, and emergency management of common cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as common community emergencies through training. In the training contents domains, special training for COVID-19 prevention and control was necessary; knowledge and practical skills were expected as the basic training needs; research and teaching ability and self-regulation ability were training needs of charm attributes; and professional quality, doctor-patient communication, and management ability were all training needs of no difference attributes.Conclusion:In the context of public health emergency, the specialized training of epidemic prevention and control is prioritized for GPs, the training of knowledge and practical skills, research and teaching abilities and self-regulation abilities are also needed.

Development of an assessment scale of knowledge, attitude and practice on diabetic microangiopathy for primary care general practitioners using Delphi method / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To develop an assessment scale for measuring knowledge, attitude and practice of general practitioners in primary care towards diabetic microangiopathy.Methods:The knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) theory was used as a framework to draw up the initial item pool based on related literature and guidelines during March to October 2022. Two rounds of Delphi consultation were conducted among 15 experts from general medicine and related fields. The positive coefficient, authority coefficient and coordination coefficient of experts were calculated, and the threshold table of indexes was screened, and the final assessment scale of KAP was developed after the two rounds of consultation.Results:The developed primary care general practitioners′ KAP assessment scale for diabetic microangiopathy consists of 3 primary indexes and 52 secondary indexes(25 of knowledge scale, 13 of attitude scale, 14 of practice scale). The positive coefficient of experts was 100.0% and the authority coefficient of experts was 0.89 in both rounds of consultation; and the coordination coefficient of experts was 0.319 and 0.322 for the first and second consultations, respectively (both P<0.05). Conclusion:A KAP assessment scale of diabetic microangiopathy for primary care general practitioners has been developed in this study. The expert positive coefficient, authority coefficient and expert coordination coefficient meet the requirements, which provides reference for evaluating the management ability of diabetic microangiopathy of primary care general practitioners.

Survey on knowledge of asthma diagnosis and management among general practitioners in community health centers in Shanghai and analysis on relative factors / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To survey the knowledge levels about diagnosis and management of asthma among general practitioners in community health centers in Shanghai and to analyze influencing factors.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted from May to June 2022 among general practitioners from 80 community health care centers in Shanghai. The questionnaire contained the basic information of the responders; knowledge about the diagnosis of asthma (symptoms, diagnostic methods, interpretation of bronchodilation and fractional exhaled nitric oxide, FeNO tests); and treatment of asthma (choosing and usage of therapeutic drugs). Logistic regression was used to analyze.Results:A total 324 general practitioners completed the questionnaire survey. Among them 221 (68.21%) had bachelor degree; 200 (61.73%) were attending doctors; the median working duration was 11 years; 174 (53.70%) had training on asthma knowledge in last 3 years. The survey results showed that 55 (16.98%) responders misinterpreted results of bronchodilation test, and 90(5.86%)misinterpreted results of FeNO test for diagnosis of asthma; 244 responders (75.31%) suspected implication of long-term cough for diagnosis of asthma; 277(85.49%)would order bronchodilation text to suspected patients; 273(84.26%)prescribed inhaled corticosteroid plus long-acting beta-2 agonist to asthma patients. For mild asthma patients, 144 responders(44.44%)suggested to use budesonide formoterol as needed; for moderate to severe asthma, 174(53.70%)suggested to use budesonide formoterol regularly and as needed, 100(30.86%)suggested to use salmeterol fluticasone regularly and salbutamol as needed. Logistic analysis showed that longer working duration was correlated with higher misinterpretation rate of bronchodilation and FeNO tests( OR=0.798,95% CI:0.694-0.918, P=0.002; OR=0.859,95% CI:0.739-0.998, P=0.047). The accuracy rate of all the questions was significantly higher in general practitioners who had training on asthma knowledge than those who didn′t receive training in last 3 years(all P<0.05). Conclusions:Most general practitioners in community health service centers in Shanghai have relatively high levels of knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of asthma. Years of work experience and training experience can affect the levels of asthma knowledge among community general practitioners.

Survey on status quo of psychosomatic medical service ability and training needs among general practice resident physicians / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the current status of psychosomatic medical service competence and training needs among general practice resident physicians.Methods:An online questionnaire survey was conducted from August to September 2021, among general practice resident physicians selected by cluster sampling from 4 affiliated hospitals of Tongji University. The questionnaire contained the basic information, the self-assessment and training needs of psychosomatic medical service competence of participants, and psychosomatic medical service requirements of patients in the community.Results:A total of 159 questionnaires were distributed, and 140 were collected (88.1%). The survey showed that 25.7% (36/140) of participants believed that 50% or more patients had physical symptoms accompanied by emotional problems; 29.3% (41/140) thought that 50% or more patients had sleep problems, but 60.0% (84/140) of them failed to provide appropriate treatment. The rate of "core knowledge and concepts of psychosomatic medicine" was 47.5% (665/1 400) and the correct rate of "common psychosomatic diseases" was (64.6±23.4)%. Merely 21.4% (30/140) participants reported satisfaction with the psychosomatic medical service competence; 62.8% (88/140) respondents believed that the coverage rate of the above-mentioned competence training in the current general practice residential training program was less than 50%, and 66.4% (93/140) supported that more psychosomatic training was "necessary". The acceptance rate of online training, workshops, MDT, and clinical practice ranged from 56.4% (79/140) to 63.4% (89/140).Conclusions:The survey indicates that there are large needs for psychosomatic medical services among patients in community, but the competence and confidence of general practice resident physicians to provide the service are significantly insufficient. Therefore, it is suggested to strengthen the training of psychosomatic medical service competence in the general practice residency training program.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of general practitioners in managing common psychological problems in Shenzhen / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice of general practitioners (GPs) in Shenzhen towards managing patients with common mental health problems.Methods:It was a cross-sectional study, from September 19 to October 31, 2020, 500 GPs from 100 community health centers (CHC) in 10 districts of Shenzhen municipality were randomly selected as the research subjects by stratified random sampling; the survey was conducted by self-filled questionnaire, which included general conditions, knowledge tests of common psychological problems (generalized anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, panic attacks, sleep disorders), GPs′ attitudes to take care of common psychological problems, and GPs′ practice of caring for common psychological problems.Results:A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed and 329 valid ones were collected. In terms of knowledge, GPs had the highest accuracy of answering the characteristics of depressive disorder (97.3%, 320/329), and the lowest accuracy of case analysis of panic attacks (50.2%, 165/329). In terms of attitude, 71.1%(234/329)of GPs agreed that "common psychological problems should be taken care of",there was a statistically significant difference in attitude scores among GPs with different years of working in CHC ( Z=14.60, P=0.006). In terms of practice, the most encountered mental health problem was insomnia (91.2%, 300/329), 46.5% (153/329) of GPs would use psychological assessment scales, 52.9% (174/329) of GPs would choose direct referral, and there were statistically significant differences in attitude scores among GPs with different years of working ( Z=10.70, P=0.030) and years of working in CHC ( Z=22.14, P<0.001). Conclusions:GPs have a positive attitude in taking care of common psychological problems, but lack of knowledge and confidence. As working in CHC for more years, GPs are more inclined to care for patients with common psychological problems in practice.

Application of mind mapping teaching of gastroenterology in the standardized training for general practitioners / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of mind mapping teaching of gastroenterology in the standardized training for general practitioners, and provide new ideas for general practice education.Methods:A total of 65 physicians who were enrolled in the standardized training of general practice from January to December 2017 were collected as the control group, and the traditional teaching method was adopted; another 58 physicians from January to December 2018 were selected as the experimental group, and the mind mapping was adopted based on the traditional teaching method. The learning effect (theoretical and operational results) and the satisfaction questionnaire of trainees and teachers were used as evaluation indicators. SPSS 21.0 was used for t test and chi-square test. Results:The theory exam and clinical skills examination results of experimental group (80.80±5.30, 82.66±5.90) were significantly higher than those of the control group (71.60±5.20, 75.72±4.57), and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the experimental group had better understanding of knowledge points of this discipline, clinical thinking ability, higher learning interest, teamwork ability, innovation ability and teacher satisfaction, with statistical significance ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The mind mapping has more advantages than traditional teaching methods in the standardized training for general practitioners, which can be further extended.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward antibiotic usage among general practitioners: A cross-sectional study

Background: In the developing countries like India, infections are still very common. About 50% of the patients presenting to general practitioners had fever as the complaint pointing that infective ailments still predominate. Aims and Objectives: The use of antimicrobials is very common in practice that leads to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 GP’s were registered for the present study. Assessment was done based on the special questionnaire prepared for assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the GP’s. Results: Data were collected from the Google Forms, which was then analyzed using Statistical software. No statistical difference between KAP of all pathies was observed. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between number of patients attended per day and antibiotics prescribed. This correlation is strong between allopathy practitioners whereas it’s moderate in homeopathy and Ayurveda practitioners. There is a statistically significant association between KAP. Conclusion: Self-medication and modification in the treatment by the patients; unnecessary and improper use by physicians and pharmacists themselves giving antimicrobials without prescription are some of the common problems in irrational use of antimicrobials. From this study, we can conclude that KAP of GP’s has an association with usage of antibiotics and thus programs for promoting and improving KAP’s can be useful in managing the irrational use of antibiotics.

¿Se deben confiar actividades profesionales en cirugía mínimamente invasiva al médico general? Una propuesta basada en el aprendizaje experiencial / Should the general practitioner be entrusted with professional activities in Minimally Invasive Surgery? A proposal based on experiential learning

Introducción. El entrenamiento en cirugía mínimamente invasiva y la definición de las actividades profesionales específicas, socialmente responsables y seguras para el paciente, son un desafío y un deber en la educación médica. Nuestro objetivo es argumentar a favor de esta intervención y describir las especificaciones, alcances y limitaciones de las actividades profesionales confiables a este nivel, así como su lugar en un modelo de aprendizaje experiencial en cirugía mínimamente invasiva para toda la vida. Métodos. Se evalúa el contexto de la actividad quirúrgica asistencial de los médicos generales, con relación a su participación en el equipo quirúrgico y la necesidad de incorporación en su perfil profesional de unas competencias propias de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, acorde con su nivel y funciones. Mediante una postura académica y reflexiva, se identifican vacíos y oportunidades de avanzar en el tema. Resultados. El perfil profesional de un médico general debe contemplar la cirugía mínimamente invasiva como una competencia dentro de su formación, de manera análoga a las propias de la cirugía tradicional abierta. Para ello, se requiere afrontar coherentemente el cambio de teoría y educación quirúrgica, el cambio en la demanda de servicios quirúrgicos y procedimientos, así como fortalecer el rol activo del médico general en el equipo quirúrgico. Conclusiones. Es necesario modificar el paradigma educativo en cirugía, desde la formación médica en el pregrado. Se plantea un modelo de aprendizaje experiencial de cirugía mínimamente invasiva, y se establecen las competencias fundamentadas en actividades profesionales confiables, necesarias para el perfil profesional de un médico general del siglo XXI.

Introduction. Training in minimally invasive surgery and the definition of specific, socially responsible and safe professional activities for the patient are a challenge and a duty in medical education. Our objective is to argue in favor of this intervention and describe the specifications, scope and limitations of trustworthy professional activities at this level, as well as its place in an experiential learning model in minimally invasive surgery for life.Methods. The context of the surgical care activity of general practitioners is evaluated, in relation to their participation in the surgical team and the need to incorporate in their professional profile some competencies of minimally invasive surgery, according to their level and functions. Through an academic and reflective posture, gaps and opportunities to advance the subject are identified. Results. The professional profile of a general practitioner should consider minimally invasive surgery as a skill within their training, in a similar way to those of traditional open surgery. For this, it is necessary to coherently face the change in surgical theory and education, the change in the demand for surgical services and procedures, as well as strengthening the active role of the general practitioner in the surgical team.Conclusions. It is necessary to modify the educational paradigm in surgery from undergraduate medical training. An experiential learning model of minimally invasive surgery is proposed, and the skills based on reliable professional activities, necessary for the professional profile of a general practitioner of the 21st century, are established

Teaching Rheumatology in the undergraduate: It is enough? / Educación y reumatología en el pregrado: ¿enseñamos suficiente?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are the second leading cause of disability worldwide. There are difficulties in the early diagnosis and therapeutic approach to these pathologies, with a negative impact on their outcomes. Access to rheumatology is limited, with a low supply in the face of growing demand, which makes the general practitioner the first contact for care. Objectives: Describe the perception and confidence that general practitioners have regarding the training in rheumatology received at undergraduate level. Materials and methods: Observational cross-sectional study, with a Likert-type survey tool being used. The study included general practitioners graduated from the Colombian Medicine program between 2009 and 2019. The variables studied were those related to the curriculum, acquired knowledge or skills, and proficiency in content in rheumatol ogy compared to practice. Subjects who attended a specialist or who had an employment relationship with a specialist rheumatology centre were excluded. Results and Conclusions: A total of 102 physicians were surveyed, and 86 completed ques tionnaires were included in the final analysis. Of these, 83.4% were graduates of private universities. Over two-thirds (37%9) had a formal subject in rheumatology, 16% received training with specific strategies, 54% expressed security when performing the MS physical examination, and 47% were sure in the diagnostic approach, and prescription of disease-modifying drugs. In order to strengthen the training in rheumatology required by the undergraduate, a joint effort is required with the medical schools in defining the competen cies and skills of the primary care physician, together with the health needs and available educational strategies.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades musculoesqueléticas (ME) son la segunda causa de discapa cidad mundial. Se presentan dificultades en el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico temprano de estas enfermedades, lo cual tiene un impacto negativo en sus desenlaces. El acceso a Reumatología es limitado, con una baja oferta frente a la creciente demanda, lo que convierte al médico general en el primer contacto de atención. Objetivos: Describir la percepción y la confianza que tienen los médicos generales respecto a la formación en reumatología recibida en el pregrado. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal en el cual se indagó a médi cos generales, egresados de programas de medicina colombianos entre el 2009 y 2019, mediante un cuestionario con respuesta tipo Likert, sobre variables relacionadas con el planteamiento curricular, los conocimientos o habilidades adquiridas y la suficiencia en el contenido en reumatología con respecto a la práctica. Se excluyó a los sujetos que cur saran algún programa de especialización o que tuvieran relación laboral con un centro especializado de Reumatología. Resultados y conclusiones: Se encuestó a 102 médicos; 86 encuestas fueron incluidas en el análisis final. El 83,4% de ellos eran egresados de universidades privadas, el 37% contó con una asignatura formal de reumatología, el 16% recibió formación con estrategias específicas, el 54% manifestó seguridad al realizar el examen físico musculoesquelético, el 47% expresó sentirse seguro en el enfoque diagnóstico y la prescripción de medicamentos modificadores de la enfermedad. Es necesario fortalecer la formación en Reumatología en el pregrado; se requiere un trabajo conjunto con las facultades de medicina en la definición de competen cias del médico de Atención Primaria, alineado con las necesidades de salud y las estrategias educacionales disponibles.

Opinions, Attitudes, and Prescribing Practices of Oral Contraceptive Pills of General Practitioners and Gynecologists in India

Background:To study the prescription behavior of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) by physicians, gynecologists, and alternative medicine practitioners (AMPs). Materials and Methods?Close-ended questionnaire-based cross-section study was performed between 1st September 2012 and 28th February 2014 in three groups of responders, i.e., AMP, general medical practitioners (GMPs), and obstetricians and gynecologists (ObGy). A stratified random cluster sample was used. Data of 400 subjects in all three groups were obtained using both univariate and multi-variate sophisticated statistical analyses for analyzing attitude and practices and were recorded on an ordinal scale using appropriate non-parametric test. Results?Of the 1,237 subjects surveyed, 400 completed questionnaires were received from each of the three groups viz; AMPs, GMPs, and ObGy. Remaining 37 incomplete questionnaires were not included in the final analysis. Conclusion?There are equal misconceptions regarding OCPs among users and prescribing physicians. Preference for OCPs in married and unmarried women is also equally low. OCP usage and their prescription practices can be improved by removing potential barriers, developing public–private partnership, and training promoters.

Principales técnicas quirúrgicas para el médico general / Main surgical techniques for the general practitioner

Existen múltiples técnicas y procedimientos quirúrgicos en la práctica clínica que todo médico general debería conocer y manejar ante una situación de urgencia que involucre la resolución inmediata. El no actuar en una situación emergente, ya sea por inexperiencia o desconocimiento puede poner en riesgo la vida del paciente. Entre estos procedimientos, podemos encontrar las suturas (y sus distintos tipos), la paracentesis, la apendicectomía (abierta y laparoscópica), la punción lumbar y la cesárea. Es por esto que se creó este artículo de educación médica utilizando un método explicativo de las principales técnicas quirúrgicas de forma resumida y concisa, basado en la literatura disponible, con el fin de servir como guía de bolsillo y revisión rápida para estudiantes, internos y médicos que deben enfrentarse a un procedimiento quirúrgico que no puede ser diferido.

There are multiple surgical techniques and procedures in the day to day clinical practice that every general practitioner should know how to do and handle in an emergency situation that requires immediate resolution. Failure to act in an emergent situation, either due to inexperience or ignorance, can put a patient's life at risk. Between these procedures there are sutures (and its variations), paracentesis, appendectomy (open and laparoscopic), lumbar puncture and cesarean delivery. That is why this medical education article was developed using an explicative method of the main surgical techniques in a summarized and concise way, based on the available literature, in order to serve as a pocket guide and quick review for students, interns and doctors who must face a surgical procedure that cannot be deferred.

Syndrome d'apnées-hypopnées obstructives du sommeil: état des lieux des connaissances et de la pratique des médecins généralistes dans la ville de Kinshasa / Apneas-obstructive sleep hypopneas syndrome: state of the knowledge and practice of generalist physicians in the city of Kinshasa

Contexte et objectif. Le syndrome d'apnées hypopnées obstructives du sommeil (SAHOS) est une pathologie fréquente, mais méconnue. L'objectif de cette enquête était d'évaluer les connaissances ainsi que les habitudes diagnostique et thérapeutique des médecins généralistes (MG) vis-à-vis le SAHOS. Méthodes. Etude transversale, déclarative, observationnelle menée auprès des MG de la ville de Kinshasa, à partir d'un questionnaire anonyme n'ayant pas précisé au préalable l'objet de l'étude. Les réponses aux questions et le nombre des répondants sont exprimés en fréquence et en pourcentage. Résultats. Sur 177 MG ayant répondu au questionnaire, près de 70% avaient obtenu leur diplôme après l'année 2009. Le cursus universitaire avait été la principale source d'information. La majorité des MG de l'enquête (62%) n'était pas familiarisée avec le SAHOS. Les symptômes cardinaux (ronflements, apnées nocturnes, somnolence diurne) avaient été cités par plus de moitié des MG mais sans leur donner de signification réelle dans leur pratique médicale. L'obésité a été largement citée comme un facteur associé au SAHOS par 68 % de MG, cependant les autres facteurs ont été méconnus ou à peine cités. Plus de la moitié des MG (54,2 %) ne connaissait pas les répercussions et les complications des apnées nocturnes sur l'individu et son environnement. La polysomnographie comme examen clé du SAHOS avait été citée par 56 % des MG. Le niveau des connaissances révélé par l'ensemble des résultats s'est avéré globalement faible. Conclusion. Le SAHOS est une pathologie fréquente, méconnue et très peu intégrée dans les pratiques professionnelles médicales à Kinshasa. Cette situation appelle un approfondissement de la formation des médecins par l'enseignement universitaire et la formation médicale continue

Context and objective. Obstructive sleep apneahypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a frequent pathology. The objective was to assess the knowledge as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic habits of general practitioners (GPs) concerning the OSAHS. Methods. A crosssectional, observational study was conducted among GPs using an anonymous questionnaire that did not specify the purpose of the study beforehand. Results. Out of 177 GPs who answered the questionnaire, almost 70 % had graduated after 2009. University education had been the main source of information. The majority of GPs in the survey (62%) were not familiar with OSAHS. Cardinal symptoms of OSAHS (snoring, nocturnal apnea, daytime sleepiness) had been cited by more than half of GPs but without giving them any real significance in their medical practice. Half of them had never discussed the diagnosis of OSAHS with their patients. Obesity was widely cited as a factor associated with OSAHS by 68% of GPs, however other factors were either unrecognized or barely mentioned. More than half of GPs (54.2%) did not know the repercussions and complications of night apnea on the individual and his environment. Polysomnography as a key examination for OSAHS was cited by 56% of GPs. The existence of care was also indicated by a large number of them (87%) but without knowing the terms. Conclusion. OSAHS is a pathology affecting the population of Kinshasa, but little integrated into professional medical practices. Its cardinal symptoms, complications and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are little known to GPs. This situation calls for further training of doctors through university education and continuing medical education.

Condiciones de empleo y precariedad laboral de los médicos de México: análisis basado en una encuesta nacional / Job conditions and precarious work among Mexican physicians: an analysis based on a national survey / Condições de emprego e precariedade laboral dos médicos do México: análise baseada em pesquisa nacional

El objetivo fue describir las características socioeconómicas y condiciones de empleo del personal médico en México. Estudio transversal con base en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE) de México, de los 4 trimestres de 2019 y el primer trimestre de 2020. Incluimos a todos los médicos con estudios universitarios concluidos. La variable precariedad laboral acumulada fue construida como la suma de cinco variables binarias relacionadas con el salario mínimo, jornada laboral, carencias de contrato, de seguridad y de prestaciones sociales. Con esta suma no ponderada, clasificamos las condiciones laborales en baja (1), media (2 a 3), alta (4 a 5), y ausencia de precariedad laboral (0). En el sector público, 13,4% y 3,3% de los médicos tienen precariedad laboral media y alta, respectivamente; los porcentajes son mayores en el sector privado, 38,5% y 7,7% (p < 0,01), respectivamente, debido principalmente a las carencias de contrato escrito y seguro médico. Estas condiciones se exacerban en las mujeres que trabajan en los consultorios médicos de las empresas del sector privado donde 75,2% y 6% de ellas tienen precariedad media y alta, respectivamente, mientras que en los hombres los porcentajes son 15,6 y 7,7%, respectivamente, (p < 0,01). Existe precariedad laboral en el sector salud mexicano; las condiciones laborales de los médicos del sector privado son más precarias que en el sector público, particularmente en los consultorios del sector privado, donde las mujeres están más expuestas a empleos precarios.

The study aimed to describe the socioeconomic characteristics and job conditions of medical personnel in Mexico. This was a cross-sectional study based on the Mexican National Occupational and Employment Survey (ENOE) for all four quarters of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020. We included all physicians who had concluded their university training. The variable "cumulative precarious labor" was constructed as the sum of five binary variables related to minimum wage, workweek, and lack of employment contract, job security, and labor benefits. Using this unweighted sum, we classified their labor conditions as absence of (0) or low (1), medium (2 to 3), or high (4 to 5) precarious labor. In the public sector, 13.4% and 3.3% of physicians were engaged in medium or high precarious labor, respectively; the percentages were higher in the private sector, with 38.5% and 7.7% (p < 0.01), respectively, due mainly to the lack of formal contracts and medical insurance. These conditions were exacerbated in women working in medical offices in private-sector companies, where 75.2% and 6% worked in medium or high precarious conditions, respectively, while the proportions in men were 15.6% and 7.7%, respectively (p < 0.01). Precarious labor exists in the Mexican health sector; labor conditions for physicians are more precious in the private sector than in the public sector, especially in private-sector offices where female physicians are more exposed to precarious employment.

O objetivo era descrever as características socioeconômicas e as condições de emprego dos médicos no México. Estudo transversal com base na Pesquisa Nacional de Ocupação e Emprego (ENOE) do México, nos quatro trimestres de 2019 e no primeiro trimestre de 2020. Incluímos todos os médicos com estudos universitários concluídos. A variável da precariedade laboral acumulada foi construída como a soma de cinco variáveis binárias relacionadas com o piso salarial, a jornada de trabalho, a falta de contrato, segurança e benefícios sociais. Com esta soma não ponderada, classificamos as condições de trabalho em baixa (1), média (2 a 3), alta (4 a 5), e ausência de precariedade laboral (0). No setor público, 13,4% e 3,3% dos médicos estão em situação de precariedade laboral média e alta, respectivamente; os percentuais são mais elevados no setor privado, com 38,5% e 7,7% (p < 0,01), respectivamente, devido principalmente à inexistência de contrato escrito e de seguro médico. Estas condições se agravam para as mulheres que trabalham nos consultórios médicos das empresas do setor privado, onde 75,2% e 6% delas sofrem precariedade média e alta, respectivamente, ao passo que para os homens, os percentuais são de 15,6% e 7,7%, respectivamente, (p < 0,01). Existe precariedade laboral no setor da saúde mexicano; as condições de trabalho dos médicos do setor privado são mais precárias do que no setor público, em especial, nos consultórios do setor privado onde as mulheres estão mais expostas a empregos precários.

Generalist training and the professional practice option according to the student's perception / A formação generalista e a opção pelo exercício profissional segundo a percepção do estudante

Abstract: Introduction: Since the National Curricular Guidelines for the Medicine course were implemented, with emphasis on the training of professionals with a generalist profile, the factors that may contribute to the interest in professional practice are unknown. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the perception of medical students regarding their generalist training and the factors that influence the desire for professional practice. Methodology: Descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of qualitative and explanatory character with 523 students from different medical courses in the city of Salvador-Bahia, who answered an online survey after signing the informed consent form. The sample was categorized into interest in Immediate Specialization (IS) and among those who intend to Act as a Generalist (AG). The age and period of the course were also categorized into groups. Results: The age of the sample was 18 to 25 years in 83.7% (n = 438), with 72.5% (n = 380) being female, attending 69% of the 4º to 9º semesters (n = 363). The Immediate Specialization group represented 27.2% (95% CI: 35% -73%) and the group that intends to Act as a Generalist, 72.8% (95% CI: 68% -76%). General training did not influence the option for professional practice with RR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.55-1.20) p = 0.308. The factors associated with AG were believing in the generalist's resolution capacity and SUS guidelines (p <0.001), the desire to contribute to society (p = 0.005) and society's credibility (p = 0.044). Conclusion: Students perceive that the curriculum includes general training, however it did not influence the interest in professional practice. The desire to act as a generalist is present in a significant number among them, driven by altruism and the desire to contribute to society, supported by the organic laws that underlie the SUS Guidelines, while not feeling valued and having its credibility, questioned by society, only stimulates professional practice on a temporary basis.

Resumo: Introdução: Desde que foram implantadas as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o curso de Medicina com ênfase à formação de profissionais com perfil generalista desconhece-se os fatores que podem contribuir com o interesse pelo exercício profissional. Metodologia: Estudo transversal descritivo e analítico de caráter qualitativo explanatório com 523 acadêmicos dos diversos cursos de medicina da cidade de Salvador-Bahia, que responderam um questionário online após assinatura do TCLE. A amostra foi categorizada em interesse na Especialização Imediata (EI) e entre aqueles que pretendem Atuar como Generalistas (AG). A idade e o período do curso também foram categorizados em grupos. Resultados: A idade da amostra era de 18 a 25 anos em 83,7% (n=438), sendo 72,5% (n=380) do sexo feminino, cursando do 4º ao 9º semestre em 69% (n=363). O grupo Especialização Imediata representou 27,2% (IC95%: 35%-73%) e o grupo que pretende Atuar como Generalista, 72,8% (IC95%: 68%-76%). A formação generalista não influenciou a opção pelo exercício profissional com RR=0,81 (IC95%: 0,55-1,20) p=0,308. Os fatores associados a AG foram: pertencer a instituição pública (p=0,041) acreditar na capacidade de resolubilidade do generalista e nas diretrizes do SUS (p<0,001), o desejo de contribuir com a sociedade (p=0,005) e a credibilidade da sociedade (p=0,044). Conclusão: Os estudantes percebem que a grade curricular contempla a formação generalista, no entanto não influenciou o interesse pelo exercício profissional. O desejo de atuar como generalista está presente em um número expressivo entre eles, movido pelo altruísmo e o desejo de contribuir com a sociedade, respaldados pelas leis orgânicas que fundamentam as Diretrizes do SUS, ao mesmo tempo em que não se sentir valorizado e ter sua credibilidade questionada pela sociedade, estimulam ao exercício profissional apenas de modo temporário.

The status of knowledge of sudden cardiac death prevention among general practitioners / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To survey the knowledge levels of sudden cardiac death (SCD) prevention among general practitioners (GPs) in Henan province.Methods:From October to November 2019, a questionnaire survey on the knowledge of SCD prevention and treatment was conducted among GP residents participating in the standardized training and assistant GPs taking final examination after training in Henan province. The questionnaire included three dimensions of SCD knowledge: prevention, early diagnosis and first aid. The factors influencing the knowledge levels on SCD prevention were analyzed.Results:A total of 546 questionnaires were distributed and 519 responders (95.1%) completed the questionnaire, including 176 GP residencies and 343 assistant GPs. The age of the respondents was 22-44 (27.91±2.84) years, 234 (45.1%) were males and 285 were females. The overall correct rate of SCD prevention and treatment was (61.46±12.39) %, and the correct rates of prevention, early diagnosis and first aid knowledge were (65.22±17.88)%, (56.58±20.20)% and (62.57±14.60)%, respectively. The overall correct rate and the correct rates of SCD prevention and treatment knowledge among GP residents were higher than those among assistant GPs ( t=10.55, 9.20, 8.62, 3.42, P<0.001); the overall correct rates and the correct rates of SCD first aid knowledge of female GPs were higher than those of males ( t=2.26, 2.13, P=0.025, 0.033); the overall correct rate and the correct rates of each dimensions in age group ≥28 years were higher than those in age group <28 years ( t=4.21, 3.37, 3.20, 2.00, P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared to GP residents,the assistant GPs was the factor influencing the lower levels of the overall knowledge ( OR=0.24, 95 %CI:0.16-0.38, P<0.001), knowledge of prevention ( OR=0.19, 95 %CI:0.10-0.32, P<0.001) and knowledge of early diagnosis ( OR=0.35, 95 %CI: 0.23-0.52, P<0.001);compared to male responders,the females had significantly higher pass rate in SCD first aid knowledge ( OR=1.56, 95 %CI:1.07-2.28, P=0.020). Conclusions:The SCD knowledge levels of the prevention, early diagnosis, and emergency treatment are less satisfactory among GPs in Henan province; it is necessity for targeted training on the weak points of SCD knowledge for GPs.

Survey on cognition of general practice residency training and willingness of teaching among specialists / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To survey the cognition of general practice residency training and the willingness of teaching among specialists.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 221 specialists from 24 departments in Nantong First People's Hospital from May 2021 to June 2021 to investigate the their cognition of general practice residency training program and the teaching willingness.Results:Total 221 questionnaires were distributed and 185 valid ones were retrieved with a response rate of 83.70%. The results showed that 49 specialists (26.49%) well knew the national general practice training policy, 70 (37.84%) knew the most, 52 (28.11%) knew basically, 11 (5.95%) knew little, and 3 (1.62%) did not know at all. Meanwhile, 44 specialists (23.78%) well knew the hospital incentive policies about general practice education, 62 (33.51%) knew the most, 57 (30.81%) knew basically, 18 (9.73%) knew little, and 4 (2.16%) did not know at all. Whether they holding the teaching certificate of general practice was significantly associated with the cognition of national general practice training policy (χ2=14.28, P=0.003) and with their knowledge of residency training program (χ2=16.79, P=0.001), but not associated with knowing the hospital-level incentive policy (χ2=8.18, P=0.075). A total of 170 (91.89%) participants were willing to be clinical teachers of general practice. The reasons for the willingness of teaching were as following: learning more from the teaching in 161 participants (94.71%), expanding sources of patients from rural areas in 102 (60.00%), facilitating promotion in 77 (45.29%), and others in 30 (17.60%). Among 62 specialists holding teaching certificate, 60 (96.77%) were willing to teach general practice residents; while among 123 specialists without teaching certificate, 110 (89.43%) were willing to teach (χ2=4.92, P=0.027). In all hospital incentive policies, promotion of professional titles was most attractive one (82, 44.32%), followed by performance appraisal (63, 34.05%), priority for in-service training (25, 13.51%), and appraisal for excellence award (15, 8.11%). Conclusions:Strengthening trainings for general practice the faculty is helpful to improve their cognition of the general practice residency training programs. And rational hospital incentive policies can enhance the willingness of specialists to teach general practice residency.